EXTRA QUESTION WOMEN CASTE REFORM

                           Extra Questions
 Q1. Describe the role of the following organizations towards abolition of caste based discrimination.

 1. Brahmo Samaj: - Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj   in 1830, prohibited all forms of idolatry and sacrifice.
It believed in the Upanishads, and forbade its members from criticizing other religions practices.
 It critically drew upon the ideals of religious especially of Hinduism and looking at their negative and positive dimensions.
2. Prarthana Samaj: - Established in 1867 at Bombay, the Prarthana Samaj sought to remove caste restrictions, abolish child marriage, encourage the education of women, and end the ban on widow remarriage.
 3. Paramhans Mandali: - In Bombay, the Paramhans Mandali was founded in 1840 to work for the abolition of caste. Many of these reformers and members of reform associations were people of upper castes. 

Q2. Describe the reform movement by the people of the lower castes against caste discrimination across India. ü
 The Satnami movement in Central India, founded by a leader named Ghasidas who came from a “low” caste, worked among the leather workers and organized a movement to improve their social status.
 In eastern Bengal, Haridas Thakur’s Matua set worked among ‘low’ caste chandala cultivators. Haridas questioned Brahmanical texts that supported the caste system.
 In 1972 Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated.
Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from
 the temple tank. Convinced that untouchable had to fight for their dignity,
 Periyar founded the self Respect Movement.
He argued that untouchables were the true upholders of an original Tamil and Dravidian culture which had been subjugated by Brahmans.
He felt that all religious authorities saw social divisions and inequality as God –given. 

Q3. Write about Sri Narayan Guru and Tara bai shinde's role in society.
Ans Shri Narayan Guru was  from Ezhava caste in Kerala ,  proclaimed the ideals of unity for people.argued against treating people unequally on the basis of caste differences. According to him, all human kind belonged to the same caste.

Q4. How did new opportunities open up for the people of the lower caste under the British?
Ans; During the course of the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began setting up schools for tribal groups and “lower” – caste children
 The poor began leaving their villages to look for jobs that were opening up in the cities.
 There were new demands of labour –drains had to be dug, roads, laid, buildings constructed, and cities cleaned.

Some also went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia

The army,  offered opportunities. A number of Mahar people, who were regarded as untouchable, found jobs in the Mahar Regiment.

Q5. Who was jyotirao phule and why he wrote a book "Gulamgiri".

Ans Jyotirao Phule was low-caste” leader  Born in 1827,In 1873 Phule wrote a book named gulamgiri

meaning slavery.Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves.

 ,Q6.  How did Jyotiba the reformers justify their criticism of caste inequality in society?
Ans; Jyotiba Phule argued that the Aryans were foreigners who came from outside the subcontinent and deflated and subjugated the true children of the country those who had lived here from before the coming of the Aryans.
 As the Aryans established their dominance, they began looking at the defeated population as inferior, as low –caste people.
According to Phule, the “upper” caste had no right to their land and power: in reality the land belonged to  low castes.
 Phule claimed that before Aryan rule there existed a golden age when warrior – peasants tilled the land .

Q1. Why do we need a law on minimum wages?

Private companies, contractors, businesspersons normally want to make as much profit to earn profits; they might deny workers their rights and not pay them wages. To ensure that workers are not underpaid, or are paid fairly, there is a law on minimum wages. A worker has to be paid not less than the minimum wage by the employer.

Q2. Why workers make unions or associations?

By organising themselves into unions /associations unions, workers can use their combined power to demand fair wages and better working conditions.

Q3. What the Right against Exploitation says?

Ans The Right against Exploitation says that no one can be forced to work for low wages or under bondage. 

 No child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mines or any other hazardous employment.

Q4. Describe the child labour prevention act 2006?

the Child Labour Prevention Act, banning children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants or as workers in

dhabas, restaurants, tea shops etc. It made employing these children a punishable offence. Anyone found violating the ban must be penalised with a punishment ranging from a jail term of three months to two years and/or fine of Rs 10,000 to Rs 20,000.

 .

Q5. A ‘clean environment is a public facility.’ Can you explain this statement.

Ans.   The courts directed industries in residential areas shift out of the city

The clean and green environment is an asset and hygiene for people.

Article 21 of the Constitution and it includes the right to the enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full enjoyment of life.

On 2 December 1984 methyl-isocyanite (MIC) - a highly poisonous gas - started leaking from Union Carbide plant

summary of chapter10

history

The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals

Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the seventeenth century. These were caused by a number of factors.

 Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.

  His successors were weak and could not take control over administration.

It became difficult for the later Mughal emperors to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars.

Governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) as well. This gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal Empire.

Peasant and zamindari rebellions in many parts of northern and western India

Attacked by Nadir shah and Afgan invader Ahmad shah Abdali also weekend the empire.

The empire was further weakened by competition amongst different groups of nobles. They were divided into two major groups or factions, the Iranis and Turanis (nobles of Turkish descent). For a long time, the later Mughal emperors were puppets in the hands of either one or the other of these two powerful groups.

Nadir Shah attacks Delhi

the ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth.

After him a Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali, who invaded north Indiafive times between 1748 and 1761.

Two Mughal emperors, Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) and Alamgir II (1754-1759) were assassinated, and two others Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) and Shah Alam II (1759-1816) were blinded by their nobles.

Emergence of New States

The governors of large provinces, subadars, and the great zamindars consolidated their authority in different parts of the subcontinent.

the states of the eighteenth century can be divided into three overlapping groups:

 (1) States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal andHyderabad. Although extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor.

(2) States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These included several Rajput principalities.

(3) The last group included states under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats. These were of differing sizes and had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-drawn armed struggle.

Hyderabad

Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad state.

he gathered power in his hands and became the actual ruler of that region.

He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.

The state of Hyderabad was constantly engaged in a struggle against the Marathas to the west and with independent Telugu warrior chiefs (nayakas) of the plateau.

The Nizam’s army

The Nizam has a swaree (sawari) of 400 elephants, several thousand of horsemen near his person who receive upwards 100 R(upees)s nominal pay (and) are extremely well mounted and richly caparisoned.

Awadh

Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed subadar of Awadh in 1722 and founded a state which was one of the most important to emerge out of the break-up of the Mughal Empire.

Burhan-ul-Mulk also held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari.

Burhan-ul-Mulk tried to decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh region by reducing the number of office holders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.

He also reduced the size of jagirs, and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions.

It sold the right to collect tax to the highest bidders. These “revenue farmers” (ijaradars) agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money.

Bengal

Bengal gradually broke away from Mughal control under Murshid Quli Khan who was appointed as the naib, deputy to the governor of the province.

He transferred all Mughal jagirdars to Orissa and ordered a major reassessment of the revenues of Bengal. Revenue was collected in cash with great strictness from all zamindars.